Oliver Burkeman has an excellent overview of the core debates in contemporary philosophy of mind as it pertains to the ‘hard problem’ (“Why can’t the world’s greatest minds solve the mystery of consciousness?“).
It’s all in here: Nagel, McGinn, Chalmers, Dennett, Churchland, the surge of interest in panpsychism, et al.
Highly recommended.
Here’s a relevant recent TED talk by David Chalmers:
